小麦秸与非常规饲料组合效应的研究

本试验旨在探讨小麦秸与非常规饲料间的组合效应。利用体外产气法,评价了小麦秸与喷浆玉米皮、大豆皮、橘子皮和苹果渣分别按0∶100、25∶75、50∶50、75∶25、100∶0比例进行组合的48 h体外发酵总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)浓度和干物质降解率(DMD)、酸性洗涤纤维降解率(ADFD)、中性洗涤纤维降解率(NDFD)以及其组合效应。结果表明:1)在小麦秸与喷浆玉米皮、大豆皮、橘子皮、苹果渣的各组合中,当小麦秸比例为25%时,TVFA浓度均大于小麦秸比例为50%、75%、100%时。2)随着小麦秸比例的增大,小麦秸与喷浆玉米皮、大豆皮、橘子皮、苹果渣组合的DMD逐渐降低,小麦秸与喷浆玉米皮、大豆皮组合各比例之间的DMD差异显著(P0.05)。3)随着小麦秸比例的增大,小麦秸与大豆皮组合的NDFD和ADFD逐渐降低,各比例之间差异显著(P0.05)。在小麦秸与橘子皮的组合中,当小麦秸比例为50%时,NDFD和ADFD最大。4)当小麦秸比例为50%时,小麦秸与橘子皮、苹果渣的组合对NDFD和ADFD的组合效应值最大,显著高于其他各比例(P0.05);当小麦秸比例为75%时,小麦秸与喷浆玉米皮的组合对NDFD和ADFD的组合效应值最大,显著高于其他各比例(P0.05)。综上所述,小麦秸与大豆皮、喷浆玉米皮的最优组合是75∶25。小麦秸与橘子皮、苹果渣的最优组合是50∶50。     

青稞秸秆对生长期藏绵羊体增重及免疫指标的影响

本试验用青稞秸秆替代燕麦干草作为唯一粗饲料来源,研究其对生长期藏绵羊体增重及免疫功能的影响。选择18只4~5月龄健康河谷型藏绵羊,随机分为2组,即:青稞组(青稞秸秆300 g/d+精料300 g/d)和燕麦组(燕麦干草300 g/d+精料300 g/d)。试验期4周,第1周为预试期,第2~4周为正试期。正试期结束后,按公母各占1/2原则,各组分别选取6只羊屠宰采样。结果发现:青稞组与燕麦组藏绵羊的体重、日增重、脾脏重和脾脏指数均差异不显著(P0.05);青稞组与燕麦组藏绵羊血清中免疫球蛋白(Ig)G、Ig A、Ig M、溶菌酶含量和酸性磷酸酶活性均差异不显著(P0.05),但青稞组中溶菌酶含量有高于燕麦组的趋势(P=0.083);青稞组与燕麦组血清、胸腺和脾脏白细胞介素(IL)-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10和干扰素γ(IFN-γ)含量均差异不显著(P0.05)。综合来看,与燕麦干草相比,饲喂青稞秸秆不会降低生长期藏绵羊的体增重及免疫性能,且有提高机体非特异性免疫因子(溶菌酶)含量的潜力,可作为藏绵羊的粗饲料来源。     

Cryopreservation effects on the sperm quality of cachama blanca Piaractus brachypomus (Cuvier 1818)

The effects of straws volume, cryoprotectants and thawing temperatures were evaluated on the sperm quality of cachama blanca Piaractus brachypomus (Cuvier), an important Colombian fish species. Sexually mature fish were induced to ovulation or spermiation with a carp pituitary extract. A pool of suitable sperm samples was diluted in glucose, egg yolk, dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO‐10%), methanol (MET‐10%) or ethylene glycol (ETG‐5%) and packed in 0.5, 2.5 or 5.0 mL straws and frozen in nitrogen vapour. The thawing process was performed in a 35 or an 80 °C water bath. The fertility was evaluated after 6 h post fertilization. The highest motility percentage (33 ± 3%) was observed with sperm cryopreserved with DMSO, packed in 5 mL straws and thawed at 35 °C. The treatments with DMSO and MET packed in 0.5 and 5.0 mL straws and thawed at 35 °C showed the highest fertility (higher than 71%) and the lowest fertility was obtained with MET‐2.5 mL (9 ± 5%). In all the treatments, a significant decrease in the sperm quality was observed at 80 °C. Sperm cryopreserved with DMSO‐10% or MET‐10%, packed in 2.5 or 5.0 mL straws are suitable to achieve acceptable fertilization and to fertilize high amounts of eggs.     

农业循环经济下稻秸秆综合利用概述

稻秸秆资源是一种重要的可再生资源,我国是一个具有丰富稻秸秆资源的国家。本文通过在农业循环经济模式的发展下,在可持续发展思想的指导下,对稻秸秆资源综合利用的循环发展模式及产生的效益进行阐述,说明其多元利用格局的形成,有利于实现环境保护与经济效益的双赢,有着极其广阔的发展前景。     

交联聚丙烯酰胺型保水剂对水稻盘育秧秧苗素质的影响

为了研究保水剂对育秧过程中水稻秧苗素质和生理特征的影响,进行了育秧盘中添加5~30g/盘交联聚丙烯酰胺保水剂的育秧试验。结果表明:与不添加保水剂(对照)相比,添加保水剂后秧苗的株高、叶龄、叶长、叶宽、叶鞘长有所提高,其中叶宽与对照相比差异均达显著水平;20 g/盘处理与对照相比,叶龄、最长根长、假茎宽、百株鲜质量等差异显著;15 g/盘处理秧苗百株鲜质量和干质量分别为18.56 g和2.71 g,与对照相比达显著水平。15 g/盘处理秧苗的叶绿素含量、根系活力、SOD活性分别为9.35 mg/g、4.60μg/(g·h)、129.18 U/g,为所有处理的最大值;CAT活性在5~15 g/盘处理时变化不大,超过这一范围则下降。MDA含量在保水剂添加量15 g/盘以下时变化不明显,超过20 g/盘后明显上升。育秧盘中添加15~20 g/盘保水剂可提高秧苗叶绿素含量,使秧苗SOD等功能酶处于较佳的生理状态,提高水稻根系活力,促进地下部的生长,从而提高水稻盘育秧秧苗素质。     

秸秆纤维素分解细菌的筛选与鉴定

利用纤维素琼脂选择培养基和刚果红染色方法,从不同来源的土样中分离出2个菌株,测定了其纤维素酶活性、小麦秸秆降解能力,并对纤维素降解能力强的两个菌株进行了分子鉴定。结果表明,两株高效纤维素分解菌在纤维素刚果红培养基上均能形成透明水解圈,利用16S r RNA序列测序并分析Genbank中的同源性,结合形态和理化性质确定为Bacillus thuringiensis和Bacillus anthracis。在37℃,p H为7的条件下测定了纤维素酶活力,SC1-3和XR2-5-4分别为1.41和1.59。这两株37℃下经15 d后小麦秸秆失重率达19.92%和22.83%。     

糖蜜对不同比例干稻草和王草混合青贮品质的影响

为探究添加糖蜜对不同比例干稻草和王草混合青贮品质的影响,试验设定四个不同比例干稻草和王草混合,添加干稻草比例分别为0%（T1组）、10%（T2组）、20%（T3组）、30%（T4组）,并分别对青贮料做无添加处理和糖蜜添加处理。结果表明：随着稻草比例的增加,粗蛋白质（P < 0.001）、粗脂肪（P < 0.05）呈下降趋势,T4组分别下降19%和16%,中性洗涤纤维提高7%（P < 0.05）、酸性洗涤纤维提高20%（P < 0.001）、粗灰分提高10%（P < 0.001）,pH（P < 0.001）显著提高,其体外培养后的pH、干物质消化率、瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸无显著改变。添加糖蜜显著改善了干稻草和王草青贮的发酵品质, pH和中性洗涤纤维含量显著降低（P ＜ 0.001）,中性洗涤纤维含量最高降低了11%,体外培养的产气提高了38%（P < 0.001）,改善了青贮料的瘤胃降解率。综上所述,以30%稻草混合70%王草青贮效果较好,并且添加2%糖蜜能提升发酵品质和瘤胃降解率,有助于改善混合青贮综合利用率。 [关键词] 王草|干稻草|糖蜜|青贮|发酵品质     

微囊化沙门菌SP4噬菌体的制备及其缓释特性分析

通过采用阳离子醚化淀粉/海藻酸钠/黄原胶/纳米TiO₂/壳寡糖为原料制备微囊化SP4噬菌体,为控制沙门菌感染提供生物制剂。选用沙门菌SP4噬菌体,采用液滴法来制备微囊化SP4噬菌体,并对其效价、阳离子醚化淀粉浓度、海藻酸钠浓度、黄原胶浓度、壳寡糖浓度、pH稳定性、热稳定性、模拟胃液稳定性、模拟肠液释放行为以及保存稳定性进行分析。结果显示,当阳离子醚化淀粉浓度为2.4%、海藻酸钠浓度为2%、黄原胶浓度为1%、壳寡糖浓度为0.6%时,微囊化SP4噬菌体微球外形规则,包封率为97.5%,在pH5.0~8.0、温度10~30℃、模拟胃液pH2.0、0~30 min和pH3.0、0~150 min噬菌体保持较高的生物学活性,模拟肠液中4 h,噬菌体完全释放,4℃环境下保存6周噬菌体效价无明显降低。综上表明,微囊化沙门菌SP4噬菌体显著提高了噬菌体的稳定性和缓释性能,其耐酸特性利于抵御胃酸的分解,具有应用于生物防治的潜力,为进一步采用多因素试验制备微囊化沙门菌SP4噬菌体奠定了基础。     

水热处理对黄豆秸秆体外发酵、甲烷生成及微生物的影响北大核心CSCD

本试验旨在研究水热处理对黄豆秸秆体外发酵、甲烷生成及微生物的影响。黄豆秸秆经水热处理后,利用全自动体外模拟瘤胃发酵系统发酵72 h,评估化学成分变化、降解特性、发酵参数、产气参数及微生物区系。结果表明:水热处理降低黄豆秸秆中性洗涤纤维(P<0.001)、酸性洗涤纤维(P<0.001)及半纤维素(P<0.001)含量,提高中性洗涤可溶物(P<0.001)、水溶性碳水化合物(P<0.001)、阿拉伯糖(P<0.001)及半乳糖(P<0.001)含量;水热处理提高黄豆秸秆干物质消失率(P<0.001)和发酵液挥发性脂肪酸浓度(P<0.05),降低乙酸/丙酸(P<0.001)、甲烷(P<0.001)与氢气产量(P<0.001)及真菌(P<0.01)、产琥珀酸丝状杆菌(P<0.05)和产甲烷菌(P<0.05)数量。结果显示:水热处理可破坏黄豆秸秆纤维素-半纤维素-木质素结构,增加中性洗涤可溶物含量,促进瘤胃降解,并减少真菌和产甲烷菌的数量,降低甲烷产量。     

The association of culm anatomy with lodging susceptibility in modern spring wheat genotypes

Selection for lodging resistant cultivars in cereal breeding programs is difficult due to the challenge of screening for this trait under natural field conditions. The identification of easily measurable culm traits related to lodging resistance would simplify the selection process. The present study was conducted to determine if differences in culm anatomy exist among modern wheat genotypes differing in lodging susceptibility, and to determine the association between culm characters and lodging. From a 2-year field study conducted in Edmonton, Alberta, 13 spring wheat cultivars were chosen based on predetermined susceptibility to artificially induced lodging. Morphological and anatomical culm measurements were made visually and with an environmental scanning electron microscope. Genotypes differed (P < 0.05) for plant height, number of internodes per culm, basal internode length and diameter, culm wall thickness and the number of vascular bundles, but not for adventitious root frequency, lumen diameter or sclerenchyma ring thickness. Mean genotype field scores for artificially induced lodging were correlated (P < 0.05) with plant height (r= 0.51) and the length of the fourth basal internode (r= 0.51). Short, wide basal internodes and thick culm walls were characteristic of three lodging tolerant genotypes: Kohika, Sapphire and Olso. Nevertheless, despite such apparent genotype specific association between culm anatomy and field lodging, general applicable associations were not observed for most traits. The most practical and easily selectable trait for lodging resistance within a wheat breeding program remains plant height. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.